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We introduce a system for experimental evolution consisting of populations ofshort oligonucleotides (Oli populations) evolving in a modified quantitativePolymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). It is tractable at the genetic, genomic,phenotypic and fitness levels. The Oli system uses DNA hairpins designed toform structures that self-prime under defined conditions. Selection acts on thephenotype of self-priming, after which differences in fitness are amplified andquantified using qPCR. We outline the methodological and bioinformatics toolsfor the Oli system here, and demonstrate that it can be used as a conventionalexperimental evolution model system by test-driving it in an experimentinvestigating adaptive evolution under different rates of environmental change.

Fold or die: experimental evolution in vitro