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We present a new rough-surface thermophysical model (Advanced ThermophysicalModel or ATPM) that describes the observed directional thermal emission fromany atmosphereless planetary surface. It explicitly incorporates partialshadowing, scattering of sunlight, selfheating and thermal-infrared beaming(re-radiation of absorbed sunlight back towards the Sun as a result of surfaceroughness). The model is verified by accurately reproducing ground-baseddirectional thermal emission measurements of the lunar surface using surfaceproperties that are consistent with the findings of the Apollo missions androughness characterised by an RMS slope of ~32 degrees. By considering the widerange of potential asteroid surface properties, the model implies a beamingeffect that cannot be described by a simple parameter or function. It is highlydependent on the illumination and viewing angles as well as surface thermalproperties and is predominantly caused by macroscopic rather than microscopicroughness. Roughness alters the effective Bond albedo and thermal inertia ofthe surface as well as moving the mean emission away from the surface normal.For accurate determination of surface properties from thermal-infraredobservations of unresolved bodies or resolved surface elements, roughness mustbe explicitly modelled, preferably aided with thermal measurements at differentemission angles and wavelengths.

Directional Characteristics of Thermal-Infrared Beaming from Atmosphereless Planetary Surfaces - A New Thermophysical Model