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In recent years, high-accuracy data for pionic hydrogen and deuterium havebecome the primary source of information on the pion-nucleon scatteringlengths. Matching the experimental precision requires, in particular, the studyof isospin-breaking corrections both in pion-nucleon and pion-deuteronscattering. We review the mechanisms that lead to the cancellation ofpotentially enhanced virtual-photon corrections in the pion-deuteron system,and discuss the subtleties regarding the definition of the pion-nucleonscattering lengths in the presence of electromagnetic interactions by comparingto nucleon-nucleon scattering. Based on the pi^{+/-} p channels we find for thevirtual-photon-subtracted scattering lengths in the isospin basisa^{1/2}=(170.5 +/- 2.0) x 10^{-3} mpi^{-1} and a^{3/2}=(-86.5 +/- 1.8) x10^{-3} mpi^{-1}.

Isospin breaking in pion-deuteron scattering and the pion-nucleon scattering lengths