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The saltatory propagation of action potentials on myelinated axons isconventionally explained by the mechanism employing local circuit ionic currentflows between nodes of Ranvier. Under this framework, the myelin sheath with upto 100 layers of membrane only serves as the insulating shell. The speed ofaction potentials is measured to be as fast as 100 m/s on myelinated axons, butions move in fluids at just 100 nm/s in a 1 V/m electric field. We show herethe action potentials, in the form of electromagnetic (EM) pulses, canpropagate in natural EM waveguide structures formed by the myelin sheath mergedin fluids. The propagation time is mainly cost on the duration for triggeringEM pulses at nodes of Ranvier. The result clearly reveals the evolution ofaxons from the unmyelinated to the myelinated, which has remarkably enhancedthe propagation efficiency by increasing the thickness of myelin sheath.

Natural electromagnetic waveguide structures based on myelin sheath in the neural system