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It has been known for some time that human autoimmune diseases can betriggered by viral infections. Several possible mechanisms of interactionsbetween a virus and immune system have been analysed, with a prevailing opinionbeing that the onset of autoimmunity can in many cases be attributed to"molecular mimicry", where linear peptide epitopes, processed from viralproteins, mimic normal host self proteins, thus leading to a cross-reaction ofimmune response against virus with host cells. In this paper we present amathematical model for the dynamics of an immune response to a viral infectionand autoimmunity, which takes into account T cells with different activationthresholds. We show how the infection can be cleared by the immune system, aswell as how it can lead to a chronic infection or recurrent infection withrelapses and remissions. Numerical simulations of the model are performed toillustrate various dynamical regimes, as well as to analyse the potentialimpact of treatment of autoimmune disease in the chronic and recurrent states.The results provide good qualitative agreement with available data on immuneresponses to viral infections and progression of autoimmune diseases.

The role of tunable activation thresholds in the dynamics of autoimmunity