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This dissertation reports on the development of a low-power, high-stabilityminiature atomic frequency standard based on 171Yb+ ions. The ions arebuffer-gas cooled and held in a linear quadrupole trap that is integrated intoa sealed, getter-pumped vacuum package, and interrogated on the 12.6 GHzhyperfine transition. We hope to achieve a long-term fractional frequencystability of 10^-14 with a miniature clock that consumes only 50 mW of powerand occupies a volume of 5 cm^3. I discuss our progress over several years ofwork on this project. We began by building a conventional tabletop clock to useas a test bed while developing several designs of miniature ion-trap vacuumpackages, while also developing techniques for various aspects of the clockoperation, including ion loading, laser and magnetic field stabilization, and alow power ion trap drive. The ion traps were modeled using boundary elementsoftware to assist with the design and parameter optimization of new trapgeometries. We expect a novel trap geometry that uses a material new to iontraps to lead to an exceptionally small ion trap vacuum package in the nextphase of the project. To achieve the long-term stability required, we have alsoconsidered the sensitivity of the clock frequency to magnetic fields. A studyof the motion of the individual ions in a room-temperature cloud in the trapwas performed with the purpose of understanding the effect of both spatiallyvarying and constant magnetic fields on the clock resonance and therefore theoperation of the clock. These effects were studied experimentally andtheoretically for several traps. In summary, this dissertation is acontribution to the design, development, and testing of a 171Yb+ ion cloudfrequency standard and related techniques, including analyses of trapgeometries and parameters, modeling of the ion motion, and the practicaloperation of the clock.

Development and Characterization of a 171Yb+ Miniature Ion Trap Frequency Standard