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A major challenge in biology is explaining how novel characters originate,however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the emergence of evolutionaryinnovations are unclear. Here we show that while gene expression in the uterusevolves at a slow and relatively constant rate, it has been punctuated byperiods of rapid change associated with the recruitment of thousands of genesinto uterine expression during the evolution of pregnancy in mammals. We foundthat numerous genes and signaling pathways essential for the establishment ofpregnancy and maternal-fetal communication evolved uterine expression inmammals. Remarkably the majority of genes recruited into endometrial expressionhave cis-regulatory elements derived from lineage-specific transposons,suggesting that that bursts of transposition facilitate adaptation andspeciation through genomic and regulatory reorganization.

Lineage-specific transposons drove massive gene expression recruitments during the evolution of pregnancy in mammals