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In molecular systematics, evolutionary trees are reconstructed from sequencesat the tips under simple models of site substitution. A central question is howmuch sequence data is required to reconstruct a tree accurately? The answerdepends on the lengths of the branches (edges) of the tree, with very short andvery long edges requiring long sequences for accurate tree inference,particularly when these branch lengths are arranged in certain ways. Forfour-taxon trees, the sequence length question was settled for the case of arapid speciation event in the distant past. Here, we generalize this result andshow that the same sequence length requirement holds even when the speciationevent is recent, provided that at least one of the four taxa is distantlyrelated to the others. However, this equivalence disappears if a molecularclock applies, since the length of the long outgroup edge becomes largelyirrelevant in the estimation of the tree topology for a recent (but not a deep)divergence. We also show how our results can be extended to models in whichsubstitution rates vary across sites, and to settings where more than four taxaare involved.

The impact and interplay of long and short branches on phylogenetic information content