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Malaria parasites are known to mediate the induction of inflammatory immuneresponses at the maternal-foetal interface during placental malaria (PM)leading to adverse consequences like pre-term deliveries and abortions.Immunological events that take place within the malaria-infected placentalmicro-environment leading to retarded foetal growth and disruption ofpregnancies are among the critical parameters that are still in need of furtherelucidation. The establishment of more animal models for studying placentalmalaria can provide novel ways of circumventing problems experienced duringplacental malaria research in humans such as inaccurate estimation ofgestational ages. Using the newly established olive baboon (Papioanubis)-Plasmodium knowlesi (P. knowlesi) H strain model of placental malaria,experiments were carried out to determine placental cytokine profilesunderlying the immunopathogenesis of placental malaria. Four pregnant olivebaboons were infected with blood stage P. knowlesi H strain parasites on theone fiftieth day of gestation while four other uninfected pregnant olivebaboons were maintained as uninfected controls. After nine days of infection,placentas were extracted from all the eight baboons through cesarean surgeryand used for the processing of placental plasma and sera samples for cytokinesandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results indicated that theoccurrence of placental malaria was associated with elevated concentrations oftumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-{\alpha}) and interleukin 12 (IL-12).Increased levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 and interferon gamma (IFN-{\gamma})levels were detected in uninfected placentas. These findings match previousreports regarding immunity during PM thereby demonstrating the reliability ofthe olive baboon-P. knowlesi model for use in further studies.

Cytokine expression in malaria-infected non-human primate placentas