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During development, epithelial tissues undergo extensive morphogenesis basedon coordinated changes of cell shape and position over time. Continuummechanics describes tissue mechanical state and shape changes in terms ofstrain and stress. It accounts for individual cell properties using only a fewspatially averaged material parameters. To determine the mechanical state andparameters in the Drosophila pupa dorsal thorax epithelium, we sever in vivothe adherens junctions around a disk-shaped domain comprising typically hundredcells. This enables a direct measurement of the strain along differentorientations at once. The amplitude and anisotropy of the strain increaseduring development. We also measure the stress to viscosity ratio and similarlyfind an increase in amplitude and anisotropy. The relaxation time is of orderof ten seconds. We propose a space-time, continuous model of the relaxation.Good agreement with experimental data validates the description of theepithelial domain as a continuous, linear, visco-elastic material. We discussthe relevant time and length scales. Another material parameter, the ratio ofexternal friction to internal viscosity, is estimated by fitting the initialvelocity profile. Together, our results contribute to quantify forces anddisplacements, and their time evolution during morphogenesis.

Mechanical state, material properties and continuous description of an epithelial tissue