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We reinvestigate the emission of Hawking radiation during gravitationalcollapse to a black hole. Both CGHS collapse of a shock wave in(1+1)-dimensional dilaton gravity and Schwarzschild collapse of a sphericallysymmetric thin shell in (3+1)-dimensional gravity are considered. Studying thedynamics of in-vacuum polarization, we find that a multi-parametric family ofout-vacua exists. Initial conditions for the collapse lead dynamically todifferent vacua from this family as the final state. Therefore, the form of theout-vacuum encodes memory about the initial quantum state of the system. Whilemost out-vacua feature a non-thermal Hawking flux and are expected to decayquickly, there also exists a thermal vacuum state. Collectively, theseobservations suggest an interesting possible resolution of the information lossparadox.

Quantum kinetics and prethermalization of Hawking radiation