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Approximately 24 million pregnant women in Sub-Saharan Africa are at risk ofsuffering from pregnancy malaria complications. Mechanisms responsible forincreased susceptibility to malaria in pregnant women are not fully understood.Baboons are susceptible to Plasmodium knowlesi and their reproductivephysiology and host pathogen interactions are similar to those in humans,making them attractive for development as a model for studying mechanismsunderlying pregnancy malaria. This study exploited the susceptibility ofbaboons to Plasmodium knowlesi infection to characterize cytokine andperipheral blood mononuclear cell recall proliferation responses underlying thepathogenesis of pregnancy malaria in baboons infected with Plasmodium knowlesi.The pregnancies of three time mated adult female baboons and their gestationallevels were confirmed by ultrasonography. On the 150th day of gestation, thepregnant baboons together with four non pregnant controls were infected withPlasmodium knowlesi H strain parasites. Collection of peripheral sera, andmononuclear cells was then done on a weekly basis. Sera cytokine concentrationswere measured by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using respectiveenzyme conjugated antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell recallproliferation assays were also done on a weekly basis. Results indicate thatpregnancy malaria in this model is associated with suppression of interferongamma and interleukin 6 (IL-6) responses. Tumour necrosis factor alpharesponses were upregulated while IL-4, IL-12 and recall proliferation responseswere not different from controls. These data to a great extent are consistentwith some findings from human studies, showing the feasibility of this modelfor studying mechanisms underlying pregnancy malaria.

Plasmodium knowlesi H strain pregnancy malaria immune responses in olive baboons (Papio anubis)