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The question of how to increase the number of women and minorities inastronomy has been approached from several directions in the United Statesincluding examination of admission policies, mentoring, and hiring practices.These point to departmental efforts to improve conditions for some of thestudents which has the overall benefit of improving conditions for all of thestudents. However, women and minority astronomers have managed to obtaindoctorates even within the non-welcoming environment of certain astronomy andphysics departments. I present here six strategies used by African American menand women to persevere if not thrive long enough to earn their doctorate.Embedded in this analysis is the idea of 'astronomy culture' and experiencingastronomy culture as a cross-cultural experience including elements of cultureshock. These survival strategies are not exclusive to this small subpopulationbut have been used by majority students, too.

Survival Strategies for African American Astronomers and Astrophysicists