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Lyotropic liquid crystalline quaternary mixtures of potassium laurate (KL),potassium sulphate (K2SO4)/alcohol (n-OH)/water, with the alcohols havingdifferent number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain (n), from 1 octanol to1-hexadecanol, were investigated by optical techniques (optical microscopy andlaser conoscopy). The biaxial nematic phase domain is present in a window ofvalues of n = nKL \pm 2, where nKL = 11 is the number of carbon atoms in thealkyl chain of KL. The biaxial phase domain got smaller and theuniaxial-to-biaxial phase transition temperatures shifted to the relativelyhigher temperatures on going from 1-nonanol to 1-tridecanol. Moreover, thesenew mixtures present high values of the birefringences comparing to otherlyotropic mixtures. This result is expected to be related to the micellar shapeanisotropy. Our results are interpreted assuming that alcohol molecules tend tosegregate in the micelles in a way that depends on the relative value of n withrespect to nKL . The larger the value of n, the more alcohol molecules tend tobe located in the curved parts of the micelle, favoring the uniaxial nematiccalamitic phase with respect to the biaxial and uniaxial discotic nematicphases.

Effect of the alkyl chain length of the alcohols on the nematic  uniaxial-to-biaxial phase transitions in the potassium  laurate/alcohol/K2SO4/water lyotropic mixture