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Tremendous efforts have been paid for realization of fault-tolerant quantumcomputation so far. However, preexisting fault-tolerant schemes assume that alot of qubits live together in a single quantum system, which is incompatiblewith actual situations of experiment. Here we propose a novel architecture forpractically scalable quantum computation, where quantum computation isdistributed over small-size (four-qubit) local systems, which are connected byquantum channels. We show that the proposed architecture works even with theerror probability 0.1% of local operations, which breaks through the consensusby one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the fidelity of quantum channels can bevery low $\sim$ 0.7, which substantially relaxes the difficulty of scaling-upthe architecture. All key elements and their accuracy required for the presentarchitecture are within reach of current technology. The present architectureallows us to achieve efficient scaling of quantum computer, as has beenachieved in today's classical computer.

A distributed architecture for scalable quantum computation with realistically noisy devices