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The Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) is a proposed facility which willexploit the new world of energy and intensity offered by the LHC forelectron-proton scattering, through the addition of a new electron accelerator.This contribution, which is derived from the draft CERN-ECFA-NuPECC ConceptualDesign report (due for release in 2012), addresses the expected impact of theLHeC precision and extended kinematic range for low Bjorken-x and diffractivephysics, and detailed simulation studies and prospects for high precision QCDand electroweak fits. Numerous observables which are sensitive to the expectedlow-x saturation of the parton densities are explored. These include theinclusive electron-proton scattering cross section and the related structurefunctions $F_2$ and $F_L$, as well as exclusive processes such asdeeply-virtual Compton scattering and quasi-elastic heavy vector mesonproduction and diffractive virtual photon dissociation. With a hundred timesthe luminosity that was achieved at HERA, salient expectations for the LHeCinclude the complete determination of all light and heavy quark partondistributions for the first time, the high precision extraction of the gluondensity, the determination of the strong coupling constant to per-mil accuracyand the precision study of the running of the electroweak mixing angle.

QCD and low-x physics at a Large Hadron electron Collider