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This study determined the contribution of Martian topography and the densityjump at the Mohorovicic discontinuity (M) to the gravity in a quadraticapproximation. It also resolved the problem of determining the possible depthsof compensation for topography harmonics of various degrees and orders. Itshows that all the topography compensation is within the depth range from 0 to1400 km. Different topographic irregularities are most likely to be compensatedat depths that correspond to the upper crust (d =(4.5 +- 3.7)km), crust-mantletransition layer (d = (78 +- 24)km), lithospheric boundary (d = (200 +- 34)km),upper-middle mantle transition layer (d = (400 +- 70)km), or middle-lowermantle transition layer (d =(1120 +- 180)km). This paper presents the lateraldistributions of compensation masses for these depths and the respective maps.According to calculations, stresses in the Martian crust and mantle may be ashigh as 10^8 Pa. This paper shows that the topographic anomalies of the Tharsisvolcanic plateau and the symmetric formation in the eastern hemisphere couldhave originated and be dynamically maintained by two plumes of melted mantlesubstance enriched with fluids; these plumes may have their origin at theboundary of the lower mantle.

Depths of the Relief Compensation and the Anomalous Structure of Crust and Mantle of Mars