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High-capacity NAND flash memories use multi-level cells (MLCs) to storemultiple bits per cell and achieve high storage densities. Higher densitiescause increased raw bit error rates (BERs), which demand powerful errorcorrecting codes. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a well-known classof capacity-approaching codes in AWGN channels. However, LDPC codestraditionally use soft information while the flash read channel provides onlyhard information. Low resolution soft information may be obtained by performingmultiple reads per cell with distinct word-line voltages.  We select the values of these word-line voltages to maximize the mutualinformation between the input and output of the equivalent multiple-readchannel under any specified noise model. Our results show that maximummutual-information (MMI) quantization provides better soft information for LDPCdecoding given the quantization level than the constant-pdf-ratio quantizationapproach. We also show that adjusting the LDPC code degree distribution for thequantized setting provides a significant performance improvement.

Mutual-Information Optimized Quantization for LDPC Decoding of Accurately Modeled Flash Data