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We analyse how a probing particle modifies infrared electromagnetic nearfields. The particle, assimilated to both electric and magnetic dipoles,represents the tip of an apertureless scanning optical near-field microscope(SNOM). We show that the interaction can be accounted for by ascribing to theparticle effective dipole polarizabilities that add the effect of retardationto the one of the image dipole. Apart from these polarizabilities, the SNOMsignal expression depends only on the fields without tip perturbation, shown tobe closely related to the electromagnetic density of states (EM-LDOS) andessentially linked to the sample's optical properties, so that measuring localspectra of heated samples is equivalent to performing a local surfacespectroscopy. We also analyse the case where the probing particle is hotter. Weevaluate in this case the impact of the effective polarizabilities on thetip-sample near-field radiative heat transfer. We also show that such an heatedprobe above a surface also performs a surface spectroscopy. The calculationsagree well with available experimental data.

Tip-sample electromagnetic interaction in the infrared: Effective  polarizabilities, retarded image dipole model and near-field thermal  radiation detection