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Several different experimental techniques have been used in efforts tomeasure the spin Hall conductivity and the spin Hall angle in Pt samples atroom temperature, with results that disagree by more than a factor of 20, withspin Hall conductivities from 2.4 x 10^4 to 5.1 x 10^5 [hbar/(2e)] (Ohm-m)^-1and spin Hall angles from 0.0037 to 0.08. We review this work, and analyzepossible reasons for the discrepancies. We explain that the smallest values forthe spin Hall angle that have been reported, based on measurements of lateralpermalloy/copper/platinum devices, are incorrect because the original analysesdid not properly take into account that copper layers in these devices willshunt charge current flowing through adjacent platinum wires, thereby greatlyreducing the size of the spin-Hall-related signals. We suggest that differencesbetween the results for the spin Hall angle found by other experimentaltechniques are primarily a consequence of different assumptions about the valueof the spin diffusion length in Pt. We present a new measurement of the spindiffusion length in Pt within sputtered Pt/permalloy bilayer thin films at roomtemperature, finding 1.4 \pm 0.3 nm, a much smaller value than has generallybeen assumed previously. With this value for the spin diffusion length, thepreviously-discordant results can be brought into much better agreement, withthe result that the spin Hall conductivities are (1.4 - 3.4) x 10^5 [hbar/(2e)](Ohm-m)^-1 and the spin Hall angles are greater than 0.05. These values aresufficiently large that the spin Hall effect in Pt can be used to generate spincurrents and spin transfer torques strong enough for efficient manipulation ofmagnetic moments in adjacent ferromagnetic layers.

Review and Analysis of Measurements of the Spin Hall Effect in Platinum