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This paper summarizes previous work linking protein aggregation to theheterozygosity of organisms. It also cites the literature showing a correlationbetween species' morphological complexity and the lengths of their proteins.These two findings are combined to form a theory that may potentially explainthe ploidy levels of organisms. Organisms can employ heterozygosity to inhibitprotein aggregation. Hence, complex organisms tend to be diploid because theytend to synthesize long, aggregation-prone proteins. On the other hand, simpleorganisms tend to be haploid because they synthesize short proteins that areless prone to aggregation. The theory may also explain ecological trendsassociated with organisms of different ploidy level. Two mathematical modelsare also developed that may explain: 1) how protein aggregation results intruncation selection that maintains numerous polymorphisms in naturalpopulations, and 2) the relationship between protein turnover, metabolicefficiency, and heterosis.

The Effect of Protein Length on the Ploidy Level and Environmental Tolerance of Organisms