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Using information theory and data for all (0.5 million) Norwegian firms, thenational and regional innovation systems are decomposed into three subdynamics:(i) economic wealth generation, (ii) technological novelty production, and(iii) government interventions and administrative control. The mutualinformation in three dimensions can then be used as an indicator of potentialsynergy, that is, reduction of uncertainty. We aggregate the data at the NUTS3level for 19 counties, the NUTS2 level for seven regions, and the single NUTS1level for the nation. Measured as in-between group reduction of uncertainty,11.7 % of the synergy was found at the regional level, whereas only another2.7% was added by aggregation at the national level. Using this triple-helixindicator, the counties along the west coast are indicated as moreknowledge-based than the metropolitan area of Oslo or the geographicalenvironment of the Technical University in Trondheim. Foreign direct investmentseems to have larger knowledge spill-overs in Norway (oil, gas, offshore,chemistry, and marine) than the institutional knowledge infrastructure inestablished universities. The northern part of the country, which receiveslarge government subsidies, shows a deviant pattern.

Where is Synergy Indicated in the Norwegian Innovation System? Triple-Helix Relations among Technology, Organization, and Geography