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The ongoing High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Search (HARPS) has foundthat 30-50% of GK dwarfs in the solar neighborhood host planets withsub-Neptune masses in orbits of P < 50 days. At first glance, this overalloccurrence rate seems inconsistent with the planet frequency measured duringQ0-Q2 of the Kepler Mission, whose 1,235 detected planetary candidates implythat ~ 15% of main sequence dwarfs harbor short-period planets with R_pl < 4R_Earth. A rigorous comparison between the two surveys is difficult, however,as they observe different stellar populations and measure different planetaryproperties. Here we report the results of a Monte Carlo study that can accountfor this discrepancy via plausible distributions of planetary compositions. Wefind that a population concurrently consisting of (1) dense silicate-ironplanets and (2) low-density gas-dominated worlds provides a natural fit to thecurrent data. In this scenario, the fraction of dense planets decreases withincreasing mass, from f_rocky = 90% at M = 1 M_Earth to f_rocky = 10% at M = 17M_Earth. Our best fit population has a total occurrence rate of 40% for 2 < P <50 days and 1 < M < 17 M_Earth, and is characterized by simple power-lawindices of the form N(M)dM ~ M^alpha dM and N(P)dP ~ P^beta dP with alpha =-1.0 and beta = 0.0. Our model population therefore contains four freeparameters and is readily testable with future observations. Furthermore, ourmodel's insistence that at least two distinct types of planets must exist inthe survey data indicates that multiple formation mechanisms are at work toproduce the population of planets commonly referred to as "super-Earths".

Combining Kepler and HARPS Occurrence Rates to Infer the Period-Mass-Radius Distribution of Super-Earths/Sub-Neptunes