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Research in the domain of 'Innovation Studies' has been claimed to allow forthe study of how technology will develop in the future. Some suggest that theNational and Sectoral Innovation Systems literature has become bogged down,however, into case studies of how specific institutions affect innovation in aspecific country. A useful notion for policy makers in particular, Balzat &Hanusch (2004) argued that there is a need for NIS studies to developcomplementary and also quantitative methods in order to generate new insightsthat are comparable across national borders. We use data for patents granted bythe World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to map innovation systems.Groupings of patents into primary and secondary classes (co-classification) canbe used as relational indicators. Knowledge from one class may be more easilyused in another class when a co-classification relation exists. Using socialnetwork analysis, we map the co-classification of patents among classes andthus indicate what characterizes an innovation system. A main contribution ofthis paper is methodological, adding to the repertoire of methods NIS studiesuse and using information from patents in a different way. Policy makers mayalso find benefits in the social network analysis of the complete set ofpatents granted by the WIPO to firms and individuals in a country. Socialnetwork analysis indicates what innovation activity occurs in a countries andwhich fields of technology are likely to give rise to innovative products inthe near future. We offer such analysis for the Dutch and Indian InnovationSystems. This social network analysis could also be done for a SectorInnovation System, and we do so for Nanotech to determine empirically theknowledge field relevant for this emerging scientific domain.

Innovation Systems as Patent Networks: The Netherlands, India and Nanotech