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High resolution spectropolarimetric data obtained by HINODE is used tocharacterize the small-scale penumbral magnetic field as well as the verticaland horizontal component of the Evershed effect (EE).  The results demonstrate that the penumbral velocity field differssignificantly from that of the quiet Sun. Morphological studies yield elongatedupflow channels in the inner penumbra and round downflows in the outerpenumbra. These flows are identified as the sources and the sinks of the EE.Remarkable is the high plasma velocity in these sinks, which is much largerwhen compared to the quiet Sun. Furthermore, an extraordinary high zenith anglewas found for the penumbral downflows. The small-scale velocity field withinpenumbral filaments is investigated both by statistics and case studies. Theoutcome of these surveys confirms the predictions of penumbral flux-tubemodels. Additionally, bright penumbral downflows as well as two families ofpenumbral filaments are studied. Observations of sunspots close to the solarlimb are used to review the horizontal component of the EE.  Asymmetries of Stokes profiles prove that the penumbral plasma flow isconcentrated in the deep photosphere and that its amplitude diminishes muchfaster with height when compared to the quiet Sun. Furthermore, the magnetizedcharacter of the horizontal and the vertical EE is unequivocally confirmed. Incontrast to previous studies, this analysis proves that the sinks of the EE arefilled with a magnetic field of opposite polarity. Finally, the influence ofatmospheric parameters on the asymmetries of Stokes profiles is explored withinthe framework of a two-layer model atmosphere and by means of spectralinversion. Interestingly, it is only the polarity of the gradients with heightof the magnetic field strength that causes the sign of the total net circularpolarization in the center side penumbra.

Spectropolarimetry of Sunspot Penumbrae -- A Comprehensive Study of the  Evershed Effect Using High Resolution Data from the Space-Borne Solar  Observatory HINODE