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As the penetration level of transmission-scale time-intermittent renewablegeneration resources increases, control of flexible resources will becomeimportant to mitigating the fluctuations due to these new renewable resources.Flexible resources may include new or existing synchronous generators as wellas new energy storage devices. The addition of energy storage, if needed,should be done optimally to minimize the integration cost of renewableresources, however, optimal placement and sizing of energy storage is adifficult optimization problem. The fidelity of such results may bequestionable because optimal planning procedures typically do not consider theeffect of the time dynamics of operations and controls. Here, we use an optimalenergy storage control algorithm to develop a heuristic procedure for energystorage placement and sizing. We generate many instances of intermittentgeneration time profiles and allow the control algorithm access to unlimitedamounts of storage, both energy and power, at all nodes. Based on the activityof the storage at each node, we restrict the number of storage node in a stagedprocedure seeking the minimum number of storage nodes and total network storagethat can still mitigate the effects of renewable fluctuations on networkconstraints. The quality of the heuristic is explored by comparing our resultsto seemingly "intuitive" placements of storage.

Operations-Based Planning for Placement and Sizing of Energy Storage in a Grid With a High Penetration of Renewables