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We use the S-matrix formalism of bound-state QED to study the photon-atomscattering. We find that the internal lines in Feynman diagrams whichdescribing the propagation of off-shell bound electrons provide the off-shellamplitudes of photons' propagation in atoms phenomenally. Our work set up theconnection between the property of Feynman propagators in bound-state QED andthe superluminal but casual propagating behavior of light in atomic media. Wealso studied the relation between the bound-state QED and the widely usedlight-atom interacting model in quantum optics, and give the experimentalcondition where only the bound-state QED is valid.

Bound-state QED solutions of the photons off-shell propagating behavior in atoms