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Prompt photons produced in a hard reaction are not accompanied with any finalstate interaction, either energy loss or absorption. Therefore, besides theCronin enhancement at medium transverse momenta pT and small isotopiccorrections at larger pT, one should not expect any nuclear effects. However,data from PHENIX experiment exhibit a significant large-pT suppression incentral d+Au and Au+Au collisions that cannot be accompanied by coherentphenomena. We demonstrate that such an unexpected result is subject to theenergy sharing problem near the kinematic limit and is universally induced bymultiple initial state interactions. We describe production of photons in thecolor dipole approach and find a good agreement with available data in p+pcollisions. Besides explanation of large-pT nuclear suppression at RHIC wepresent for the first time predictions for expected nuclear effects also in theLHC energy range at different rapidities. We include and analyze also acontribution of gluon shadowing as a leading twist shadowing correctionmodifying nuclear effects at small and medium pT.

Direct Photon Production in Proton-Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions