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The first sentence of Leo Tolstoy's novel Anna Karenina is: "Happy familiesare all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." Here Tolstoymeans that for a family to be happy, several key aspects must be given (such asgood health of all family members, acceptable financial security, and mutualaffection). If there is a deficiency in any one or more of these key aspects,the family will be unhappy. In this paper we introduce the Anna Kareninaprinciple as a concept that can explain success in science. Here we will referto three central areas in modern science in which scarce resources will mostusually lead to failure: (1) peer review of research grant proposals andmanuscripts (money and journal space as scarce resources), (2) citation ofpublications (reception as a scarce resource), and (3) new scientificdiscoveries (recognition as a scarce resource). If resources are scarce(journal space, funds, reception, and recognition), there can be success onlywhen several key prerequisites for the allocation of the resources arefulfilled. If any one of these prerequisites is not fulfilled, the grantproposal, manuscript submission, the published paper, or the discovery will notbe successful.

The Anna Karenina principle: A concept for the explanation of success in science