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Considering the recent experimental discovery of Green et al that present daynon-Africans have 1 to 4% of their nuclear DNA of Neanderthal origin, wepropose here a model which is able to quantify the interbreeding events betweenAfricans and Neanderthals at the time they coexisted in the Middle East. Themodel consists of a solvable system of deterministic ordinary differentialequations containing as a stochastic ingredient a realization of the neutralWright-Fisher drift process. By simulating the stochastic part of the model weare able to apply it to the interbreeding of African and Neanderthalsubpopulations and estimate the only parameter of the model, which is thenumber of individuals per generation exchanged between subpopulations. Ourresults indicate that the amount of Neanderthal DNA in non-Africans can beexplained with maximum probability by the exchange of a single pair ofindividuals between the subpopulations at each 77 generations, but largerexchange frequencies are also allowed with sizeable probability. The resultsare compatible with a total interbreeding population of order 10,000individuals and with all living humans being descendents of Africans both formitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome.

Extremely rare interbreeding events can explain Neanderthal DNA in modern humans