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We analyze the data of purposeful rupture experiments with LOx and LH2 tanks,the Hydrogen-Oxygen Vertical Impact (HOVI) tests that were performed to clarifythe ignition mechanisms, the explosive power of cryogenic H2/Ox mixtures underdifferent conditions, and to elucidate the puzzling source of the initialformation of flames near the intertank section during the Challenger disaster.We carry out a physics-based analysis of general explosions scenarios forcryogenic gaseous H2/Ox mixtures and determine their realizability conditions,using the well-established simplified models from the detonation anddeflagration theory. We study the features of aerosol H2/Ox mixture combustionand show, in particular, that aerosols intensify the deflagration flames andcan induce detonation for any ignition mechanism. We propose acavitation-induced mechanism of self-ignition of cryogenic H2/Ox mixtures thatmay be realized when gaseous H2 and Ox flows are mixed with a liquid Oxturbulent stream, as occurred in all HOVI tests. We present an overview of theHOVI tests to make conclusion on the risk of strong explosions in possibleliquid rocket incidents and provide a semi-quantitative interpretation of theHOVI data based on aerosol combustion. We uncover the most dangerous situationsand discuss the foreseeable risks which can arise in space missions and lead totragic outcomes. Our analysis relates to only unconfined mixtures that arelikely to arise as a result of liquid propellant space vehicle incidents.

Hazards Induced by Breach of Liquid Rocket Fuel Tanks: Conditions and Risks of Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixture Explosions