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In the first part of the talk the interesting new results of MINOS, OPERA andCMS collaborations (connected with the observational evidence of the rise inthe muon charge ratio at muon energies around 1 TeV) are briefly discussed fromtheoretical point of view. A short review of charge asymmetric effects in muonenergy losses is given. In the second part of the talk, the modern theoreticalapproaches to the problem of heavy quark production in high energynucleon-nucleus interactions are briefly considered (color dipole formalism,saturation models). The recent new theoretical developments in the ancientproblem of intrinsic charm are also discussed.

Physics of high energy atmospheric muons