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The understanding of many nanoscale processes occurring in liquids such ascolloidal crystal formation, aggregation, nanowire growth, electrochemicaldeposition, and biological interactions would benefit greatly from real-time,in situ imaging with the nanoscale resolution of transmission electronmicroscopes (TEMs) and scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs).However, these imaging tools cannot readily be used to observe processesoccurring in liquid media without addressing two experimental hurdles: samplethickness and sample evaporation in the high vacuum microscope chamber. Toaddress these challenges, we have developed a nano-Hele-Shaw cell, dubbed thenanoaquarium. The device consists of a hermetically-sealed, 100 nm tall,liquid-filled chamber sandwiched between two freestanding, 50 nm thick, siliconnitride membranes. Embedded electrodes are integrated into the device. Thisfluid dynamics video features particle motion and aggregation during in situSTEM of nanoparticles suspended in liquids. The first solution contains 5 nmgold particles, 50 nm gold particles and 50 nm polystyrene particles in water.The second solution contains 5 nm gold particles in water. The imaging wascarried out with a FEI Quanta 600 FEG Mark II with a STEM detector. In thefootage of the multi-particle solution, note that the 50 nm gold particlesprominently decorate the clusters and are clearly distinguished. In the footageof the 5 nm gold particles, diffusion-limited aggregation is observed.Individual particles and small clusters are seen diffusing throughout the fieldof view, bumping into each other and bonding irreversibly to form a fractalstructure. The rate of aggregation and the fractal dimension of the aggregatesare consistent with light scattering measurements, indicating that the electronbeam does not greatly alter the observed phenomenon.

A Nanoaquarium for in situ Electron Microscopy in Liquid Media