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A 'dual-field' strategy is often used for tumors with highly complex shapesand/or with large volumes exceeding available field-size in both passive andscanning irradiations with ion beams. Range and setup uncertainties can causehot and cold doses at the field junction within the target. Such uncertaintieswill also cause cold doses in the peripheral region of the target. We havedeveloped an algorithm to reduce the sensitivity of the dual-field plan tothese uncertainties in scanning irradiations. This algorithm is composed of thefollowing two steps: 1) generating the expanded target volume, and 2) solvingthe inverse problem where the terms suppressing the dose gradient of individualfields are added into the objective function. The validity of this algorithm isdemonstrated through the simulation studies for three extreme cases of twofields with unidirectional, opposing and orthogonal geometries. With theproposed algorithm, we can obtain a more robust plan to minimize the effects ofrange and setup uncertainties than the conventional plan. Compared to that forthe conventional plan, the optimization time for the robust plan increased by afactor of approximately three.

Robust dual-field optimization of scanned ion beams against range and setup uncertainties