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The overall process of photosynthesis consists of two main phases, theso-called light and dark eactions: light energy is absorbed by chlorophyllmolecules and transferred to regenerate NADH and ATP, then drive Calvin-Bensoncycle to synthesize sugar. In order to synthesize sugar through artificialphotosynthesis, one of the key is to regenerate ATP economically and improvethe efficiency of dark reactions. Here 9 kinds of dark reaction pathways areproposed, which only NADH is regenearated from hydrogen or electricity fordriving, the efficiency of dark reactions is improved, combined with solarphotovoltaic or solar hydrogen technology, the total efficiency of artificialphotosynthesis can reach 30%, several ten times more than naturalphotosynthesis. One of them, to use chemical synthesis of formaldehyde from CO2and H2, no NADH and ATP is need, to synthesize sugar efficiently through 9enzymes, so it will be easier to produce in large scale, and the sugar will bea good energy carrier as the sugar can be efficiently converted to energycarrier hydrogen through enzymes.

Synthesis of Sugar and fixation of CO2 through Artificial Photosynthesis driving by Hydrogen or Electricity