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Over the last years, increasing evidence has fuelled the hypothesis thatAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition of altered brain functionalconnectivity. The great majority of these empirical studies rely on functionalmagnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) which has a relatively poor temporalresolution. Only a handful of studies have examined networks emerging fromdynamic coherence at the millisecond resolution and there are no investigationsof coherence at the lowest frequencies in the power spectrum - which hasrecently been shown to reflect long-range cortico-cortical connections. Here weused electroencephalography (EEG) to assess dynamic brain connectivity in ASDfocusing in the low-frequency (delta) range. We found that connectivitypatterns were distinct in ASD and control populations and reflected a doubledissociation: ASD subjects lacked long-range connections, with a most prominentdeficit in fronto-occipital connections. Conversely, individuals with ASDshowed increased short-range connections in lateral-frontal electrodes. Thiseffect between categories showed a consistent parametric dependency: as ASDseverity increased, short-range coherence was more pronounced and long-rangecoherence decreased. Theoretical arguments have been proposed arguing thatdistinct patterns of connectivity may result in networks with differentefficiency in transmission of information. We show that the networks in ASDsubjects have less Clustering coefficient, greater Characteristic Path Lengththan controls -indicating that the topology of the network departs fromsmall-world behaviour- and greater modularity. Together these results show thatdelta-band coherence reveal qualitative and quantitative aspects associatedwith ASD pathology.

A big-world network in ASD: Dynamical connectivity analysis reflects a deficit in long-range connections and an excess of short-range connections