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The ISI-Impact Factors suffer from a number of drawbacks, among them thestatistics-why should one use the mean and not the median?-and theincomparability among fields of science because of systematic differences incitation behavior among fields. Can these drawbacks be counteracted by countingcitation weights fractionally instead of using whole numbers in the numerators?(i) Fractional citation counts are normalized in terms of the citing sourcesand thus would take into account differences in citation behavior among fieldsof science. (ii) Differences in the resulting distributions can be testedstatistically for their significance at different levels of aggregation. (iii)Fractional counting can be generalized to any document set including journalsor groups of journals, and thus the significance of differences among bothsmall and large sets can be tested. A list of fractionally counted ImpactFactors for 2008 is available online athttp://www.leydesdorff.net/weighted_if/weighted_if.xls. The in-between groupvariance among the thirteen fields of science identified in the U.S. Scienceand Engineering Indicators is not statistically significant after thisnormalization. Although citation behavior differs largely between disciplines,the reflection of these differences in fractionally counted citationdistributions could not be used as a reliable instrument for theclassification.

How fractional counting affects the Impact Factor: Normalization in terms of differences in citation potentials among fields of science