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As more and more multi-tier services are developed from commercialoff-the-shelf components or heterogeneous middleware without source codeavailable, both developers and administrators need a request tracing tool to(1) exactly know how a user request of interest travels through services ofblack boxes; (2) obtain macro-level user request behavior information ofservices without the necessity of inundating within massive logs. Previousresearch efforts either accept imprecision of probabilistic correlation methodsor present precise but unscalable tracing approaches that have to collect andanalyze large amount of logs; Besides, previous precise request tracingapproaches of black boxes fail to propose macro-level abstractions that enablesdebugging performance-in-the-large, and hence users have to manually interpretmassive logs. This paper introduces a precise, scalable and online requesttracing tool, named PreciseTracer, for multi-tier services of black boxes. Ourcontributions are four-fold: first, we propose a precise request tracingalgorithm for multi-tier services of black boxes, which only usesapplication-independent knowledge; second, we respectively present micro-leveland macro-level abstractions: component activity graphs and dominated causalpath patterns to represent causal paths of each individual request andrepeatedly executed causal paths that account for significant fractions; third,we present two mechanisms: tracing on demand and sampling to significantlyincrease system scalability; fourth, we design and implement an online requesttracing tool. PreciseTracer's fast response, low overhead and scalability makeit a promising tracing tool for large-scale production systems.

Precise, Scalable and Online Request Tracing for Multi-tier Services of Black Boxes