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An increasing number of experiments require the use of ultrasensitivenanomechanical resonators. Relevant examples are the investigation of quantumeffects in mechanical systems [1] or the detection of exceedingly small forcesas in Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM) [2]. The force sensitivity ofa mechanical resonator is typically limited by thermal fluctuations, whichcalls for detection methods capable of operating at ultralow temperature.Commonly used interferometric techniques, despite their excellent sensitivity,may not be an optimal choice at millikelvin temperatures, because of unwantedresonator heating caused by photon absorption. Although alternative detectiontechniques based on microwave cavities [3] [4] [5] have shown to perform betterat ultralow temperature, these techniques still suffer from the fact that thedetection sensitivity decreases as the power input is decreased. Here, wepresent a measurement approach based on the detection, through aSuperconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), of the change of magneticflux induced in a coil by the motion of a magnetic particle attached to aresonator. This detection scheme avoids direct heating of the resonator, as itdoes not involve reflecting optical or microwave photons to the resonator. Bycooling an ultrasoft silicon resonator to 25 mK, we achieve a force noise of0.5 aN in a 1 Hz bandwidth. We believe this detection technique can inprinciple be used even at sub-millikelvin temperatures. Furthermore, it couldbe used to improve the sensitivity of MRFM experiments, which aim at threedimensional imaging at atomic resolution.

A SQUID based read-out of sub-attoNewton force sensor operating at millikelvin temperatures