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Males are often the "sicker" sex with male biased parasitism found in ataxonomically diverse range of species. There is considerable interest in theprocesses that could underlie the evolution of sex-biased parasitism. Matingsystem differences along with differences in lifespan may play a key role. Weexamine whether these factors are likely to lead to male-biased parasitismthrough natural selection taking into account the critical role that ecologicalfeedbacks play in the evolution of defence. We use a host-parasite model withtwo-sexes and the techniques of adaptive dynamics to investigate how matingsystem and sexual differences in competitive ability and longevity can selectfor a bias in the rates of parasitism. Male-biased parasitism is selected forwhen males have a shorter average lifespan or when males are subject to greatercompetition for resources. Male-biased parasitism evolves as a consequence ofsexual differences in life history that produce a greater proportion ofsusceptible females than males and therefore reduce the cost of avoidingparasitism in males. Different mating systems such as monogamy, polygamy orpolyandry did not produce a bias in parasitism through these ecologicalfeedbacks but may accentuate an existing bias.

Life history and mating systems select for male biased parasitism mediated through natural selection and ecological feedbacks