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Structural studies of biological macromolecules are severely limited byradiation damage. Traditional crystallography curbs the effects of damage byspreading damage over many copies of the molecule of interest. X-ray lasers,such as the recently built LINAC Coherent Light Source (LCLS), offer anadditional opportunity for limiting damage by out-running damage processes withultrashort and very intense X-ray pulses. Such pulses may allow the imaging ofsingle molecules, clusters or nanoparticles, but coherent flash imaging willalso open up new avenues for structural studies on nano- and micro-crystallinesubstances. This paper addresses the theoretical potentials and limitations ofnanocrystallography with extremely intense coherent X-ray pulses. We use ureananocrystals as a model for generic biological substances and simulate primaryand secondary ionization dynamics in the crystalline sample. Our resultsestablish conditions for ultrafast nanocrystallography diffraction experimentsas a function of fluence and pulse duration.

On the feasibility of nanocrystal imaging using intense and ultrashort 1.5 {\AA} X-ray pulses