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In this research-paper, many of the general-relativity-tests such as bendingof light near a star and gravitational red/blue shift are explained withoutgeneral-relativity & even without Newtonian-approach. The authors first raisequestions on the validity of both, the Newtonian and the relativistic approach;and then propose a novel alternative-explanation. The new alternativeexplanation is based on refraction-phenomenon of optics. Estimation of resultswith new approach are in agreement with known values. Though physics isdifferent, but it is argued that general-relativity based gravitational-bendingand refraction based bending have more in common than is generally realized.Also discussed are black-hole and gravitational-lensing in the new perspectiveof refraction. The new refraction-based theory makes a few new predictions andalso suggests a few tests.

Refraction-Based Alternative Explanation for: Bending of Light Near a Star, Gravitational Red/Blue Shift and Black-Hole