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A new statistical ensemble is examined using the example of classicalone-component simple fluid. It's logical to call it an open ensemble, becauseits peculiarity is the inclusion in the consideration some surrounding area.Calculations point to the necessity of taking into account the restrictingsurface, exactly when the system is not separated by anything from the bath,and the whole medium is uniform.  The "surface tension coefficient", included in the partition functioncorresponds to the interface of the fluid and hard solid, due to the strictcompliance of probability and potential limitations. The number of surfaceparticles corresponds exactly to near surface number density distortions(oscillations) arising in the neighborhood of fluctuation cavities.  In contrast to grand canonical ensemble, an open statistical ensemblesatisfies the scale invariance requirement: general term of the includedsubsystem distribution corresponds to that of the original system.  It is this ensemble which should be used where consideration of a truly opensystem is required, since it properly integrates the surface terms.Furthermore, this ensemble may be employed in studies of small systems, sinceit has no lower limits for the volume of the system. Finally, it is useful inthe investigation of fluctuations. For example, it demonstrates that thevariance (the mean square deviation) of the number of particles is divided intothe bulk and surface terms.

Open statistical ensemble: new properties (scale invariance, application to small systems, meaning of surface particles, etc.)