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We present a simple approach for purifying graphite surface and vacancystates using an angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron residual spectroscopy (XPS).Complementing the discoveries of Ugeda et al [Phys Rev Lett 104, 096804(2010)], outcomes conform the BOLS theory [Sun, Prog Solid State Chem 35, 1-159(2007)] expectation and the recent findings that the shorter and stronger bondsbetween undercoordinated atoms induce local strain and quantum potentialdepression with an association of local densification of energy and coreelectrons. The shorter atomic distance and the densely and deeply trappedbonding and core charges polarize in turn the unpaired pi-electrons nearbyvacancy, giving rise to the high protrusions and the Dirac EF states asobserved. The quantum trap depression and the screening due to the polarized EFstates split the crystal potential and hence the extra XPRS C 1s states.

Purified graphite surface and vacancy states: undercoordination-induced quantum trap depression and lone pi-electron polarization