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SNS is a MATLAB-based software library written to aid in the design andanalysis of receiver architectures. It uses electrical scattering matrices andnoise wave vectors to describe receiver architectures of arbitrary topology andcomplexity. It differs from existing freely-available software mainly in thatthe scattering matrices used to describe the receiver and its components areanalytic rather than numeric. This allows different types of modeling andanalysis of receivers to be performed. Non-ideal behavior of receivercomponents can be parameterized in their scattering matrices. SNS enables theinstrument designer to then derive analytic expressions for the signal andnoise at the receiver outputs in terms of parameterized componentimperfections, and predict their contribution to receiver systematic errorsprecisely. This can drive the receiver design process by, for instance,allowing the instrument designer to identify which component imperfectionscontribute most to receiver systematic errors, and hence place firmspecifications on individual components. Using SNS to perform this analysis ispreferable to traditional Jones matrix-based analysis as it includes internalreflections and is able to model noise: two effects which Jones matrix analysisis unable to describe. SNS can be used to model any receiver in which thecomponents can be described by scattering matrices. Of particular interest tothe sub-mm and terahertz frequency regime is the choice between coherent anddirect detection technologies. Steady improvements in mm and sub-mm Low NoiseAmplifiers (LNAs) mean that coherent receivers with LNAs as their first activeelement are becoming increasingly competitive, in terms of sensitivity, withbolometer-based receivers at frequencies above ~100 GHz. As an example of theutility of SNS, we use it to compare two polarimeter architectures commonlyused to perform measurements of the polarized Cosmic Microwave Background:differencing polarimeters, an architecture commonly used in polarizationsensitive bolometer-based polarimeters; and pseudo-correlation polarimeters, anarchitecture commonly used in coherent, LNA-based, polarimeters. Weparameterize common sources of receiver systematic errors in both architecturesand compare them through their Mueller matrices, which encode how well theinstruments measure the Stokes parameters of the incident radiation. Theseanalytic Mueller matrices are used to demonstrate the different sources ofsystematic errors in differencing and correlation polarimeters.

SNS: Analytic Receiver Analysis Software Using Electrical Scattering Matrices