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About a century ago, cosmic rays were identified as being a source ofradiation on Earth. The proof came from two independent experiments. TheItalian physicist Domenico Pacini observed the radiation strength to decreasewhen going from the ground to a few meters underwater (both in a lake and in asea). At about the same time, in a balloon flight, the Austrian Victor Hessfound the ionization rate to increase with height. The present article attemptsto give an unbiased historical account of the discovery of cosmic rays -- andin doing so it will duly account for Pacini's pioneering work, which involved atechnique that was complementary to, and independent from, Hess'. Personalstories, and the pre- and post-war historical context, led Pacini's work toslip into oblivion.

Domenico Pacini, the forgotten pioneer of the discovery of cosmic rays