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Multiverse scenarios in cosmology assume that other universes exist "beyond"our own universe. They are an exciting challenge both for empirical andtheoretical research as well as for philosophy of science. They could benecessary to understand why the big bang occurred, why (some of) the laws ofnature and the values of certain physical constants are the way they are, andwhy there is an arrow of time. This essay clarifies competing notions of"universe" and "multiverse"; it proposes a classification of differentmultiverse types according to various aspects how the universes are or are notseparated from each other; it reviews the main reasons for assuming theexistence of other universes: empirical evidence, theoretical explanation, andphilosophical arguments; and, finally, it argues that some attempts tocriticize multiverse scenarios as "unscientific", insisting on a narrowunderstanding of falsification, is neither appropriate nor convincing from aphilosophy of science point of view. --  Keywords: big bang, universe, multiverse, cosmic inflation, time, quantumgravity, string theory, laws of nature, physical constants, fine-tuning,anthropic principle, philosophy of science, metaphysics, falsificationism

Multiverse Scenarios in Cosmology: Classification, Cause, Challenge, Controversy, and Criticism