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An earthquake occurs when the energy condensed at certain points in the Earth's crust exceeds a certain threshold. Changes in depth of the seabed (induced by subsurface deformation) can cause irregular undulations and tsunamis. Surface ruptures usually start at one point and propagate in diverse directions (typically one or two). In this study, we used numerical analysis to examine the effects of surface ruptures on the generation and propagation of tsunamis. The 1993 Hokkaido earthquake was chosen for the test, and three subfaults were adopted to account for the history and process of the rupture. The results revealed the clear effects of surface rupture near the epicenter, showing either an increase or decrease in run-up heights (depending on spatial locations). Although the effects on run-up heights along the coast of the East Sea were unclear, the maximum effect (observed at specific points) generated twice the normal run-up heights.

The Effect of Surface Ruptures on the Propagation of Tsunamis: An Analysis of 1993 Hokkaido Earthquake