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The Yellow River source region is located on the boundary between permafrost and nonpermafrost areas, and the former can be subdivided into areas underlying seasonally frozen soil and middle-latitude high-elevation type permafrost. The development and preservation of permafrost are the key factors to maintain ecological balance. The rise of air temperature is the most direct cause for regression of frozen soil. Since the 1950s, there has been an obvious rising trend of air temperature in the source region, and reached 0.28°C per decade during the last 20 years. The shrinkage of the permafrost have occurred on the borders of permafrost area, and followed by remarkable drop of groundwater level and decrease of runoff volume. Impacts of frozen soil changes on regional hydrology are not only related to change of groundwater environment but also to ecological changes in meadow plants, plague of fi eld mice and changes in runoff of the Yellow River.

Changes of frozen soil in the Yellow River source region and their impact on water resources