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Cigarettes contain over 4000 chemicals including heave metals like lead and zinc; over 20 are probably carcinogenic and over 60 are mutagenic. Approximately 11% of the lead in the cigarette enters the smoke, and half of that is believed to enter the smoker's lungs. Zinc is also present in cigarettes (average 24µg/gm) and about 70% of it is transferred to the smoke. Prolonged exposure to lead and zinc is associated with multiple health hazards and may also lead to various neurological and metabolic disorders. In the present study, Lead and Zinc were determined in urine samples of smokers (n=30), passive smokers (n=30) and non- smokers (n=17) from different districts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Analysis was performed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GFAAS) for lead and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) for zinc. The mean urine lead and zinc concentration in smokers was higher than non-smokers, while concentration of lead and zinc in urine samples of passive smokers was more or equal to smokers. Our results have shown that available concentrations of lead and zinc are higher in smokers and passive smoker's urine than non-smokers, and a correlation exists between lead and zinc concentrations and the period of smoking.

Determination of Lead and Zinc in urine in Saudi population